Control, Empowerment, and the Fake World: Converging Metaphors :: Metaphors Education Educational Papers

Control, Empowerment, and the Fake World Converging MetaphorsMetaphors not only structure the port we think about school, they also help create the world of the school (Cunningham, Metaphors of Mind handout).This quote speaks the truth Metaphors are the tools we use both to structure sentiment about our culture and to create culture at the same time. An excellent example of this dual and interconnected role of illustration is Marshalls belief that the dominan t metaphor in many schools is SCHOOL IS WORK (Cunningham, milliampere handout). Marcel Danesi would say that this metaphor underlies a commission to conceptualize the world of school (Danesi 107). By cerebration about school in this way, the world of school is crea ted to be a work-filled experience. Students need to do homework and work harder at their lessons and teachers must manage their classrooms (Cunningham, MOM handout). It is in this way that the metaphor is the cognitive phenomenon that converts fact ual feeling states into artifactual conceptual structures (Danesi 107). Together, people create nonliteral ideas that turn into real artifacts, the representative structures of culture. The metaphorical idea of school is work produces the artifac tual world that fosters homework, working harder, earning grades, and managing classrooms (Danesi 108). These artifactual signs in turn perpetuate the controlling metaphor.Metaphors, then, are at the heart of understanding the way we view aspects of our culture while we simultaneously build that culture. Umberto Eco stresses that culture is a collective experience. In his view, there is no such thing as a single mind, un connected to other minds or to their (collective) social heathenish constructions (Cunningham, MOM handout). If this is taken as fact, the social, cultural, historical, and institutional contexts humans find themselves in contribute to creating their metaphors and in turn, their artifactual worlds. Therefore, the situational context and the metaphors found there are intertwined and must be examined together.For example, I work in a juvenile prison. Prison is an interesting cultural context to investigate from its various perspectives. Many metaphors may be made about the same system depending on a persons immediate cultural group, or what Eco better terme d as humans local cultural organizations (Cunningham, MOM handout). The sign of school and its object, the prison school program, has at least three distinguishable interpretants in the facility in which I work. These interpretants can be viewed as metaphors and are different depending on whose point of view and local cultural organization angiotensin converting enzyme is investigating.

Salvador de Madariagas La jirafa sagrada (The Sacred Giraffe) Essay

Salvador de Madariagas La jirafa sagrada (The Sacred Giraffe)Amidst the fight for womens suffrage in Spain, Salvador de Madariaga wrote The sublime giraffe, being the second volume of the posthumous works of Julio. In 1925, the era the book was published, women in the United States and much of Europe had secured the right to vote while those in Spain still remained in the fight. Madariaga an active politician as wellspring as a writer sets up his novel as a world turned upside down. The humorous account of a make gestate world where women have switched places with men depict the seemingly backwards society as a relative utopia based on peoples attitudes, rather than its social structure.The sacred giraffe starts out with a science conference contrasting the people in a mythical land known as Europe to their point society, the vulcanites. In this land, males were thought to have dominated the public life of the fabled White Race a humorous concept to the black women, the leader s of Ebonite society. Not only are the gender roles and skin tones different but the strange Race of 5000 years ago, were thought to be cannibalistic because the Whites stored the remains of their dead instead of burning them(3).The land of Ebony is a portrayed such that black is white, male is female, up is down, in this twilight-zone style country. The story plays out as a peek through a small window of time and space into the Ebonite society, centered around the doctoress Zama and her family as Zama tries to incline people that Europe did exist while her husband MZama, tries to fix up his brother with an eligible young women named Scruta. All the while the reader is condition a tour of Ebony, exploring the major sites of the religious hive, ... ... is a long time and you dont remember, but in those days no rain forever fell on the sea, nor on lakes, nor on rivers and brooksFish had no bones, so that children could eat them without making their parents choke, and oysters could be opened as if by suasion(189).The overall message of Madariaga is that it is the characteristics of each individual that form a functional society. It is neither the gender nor the color nor the exact workings of the government that allow the constitution of a Utopia. Even from a seemingly ridiculous culture it is the moral thread that binds the people. The work may have been designed to influence the political carry of Spain, but its instruction holds true in all of humankind.Works CitedMadariaga, Salvador de. The sacred giraffe, being the second volume of the posthumous works of Julio. London Martin Hopkinson & Co., 1925

The Ethical Dilemma of Euthanasia Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Ar

The Ethical Dilemma of Euthanasia An incredibly controversial know clouds the minds of millions of people everyday as death confronts them. The problem revolves around the ethics of euthanasia. Should medical assisted suicide be outlawed in all situations or under certain circumstances, could it be considered good? Do humans violate natures course with science and advanced technology by play God? Why should doctors and families witness their loved ones suffer when the solution of euthanasia promises a painless death? Authors Andrea E. Richardson and David Miller of the articles Death with Dignity The last-ditch sympathetic Right and From Life to Death in a Peaceful Instant reflect upon their experiences and feelings on these questions. In Death with Dignity The Ultimate Human Right, Richardson introduces the subscriber to the depressing story about his father. His father, a good family man, had been diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis, which kept him in the h ospital for weeks at a time. For this man, the painful and paralyzing experience destroyed both(prenominal) his joints and internal organs. Richardson sneaks the idea of euthanasia into his introduction by saying, For others-for those like my father- death is an event clearly visible on the horizon. It is an event that is forecasted, feared, and at times yearned for (Richardson, 42). Richardson therefore talks about the history of euthanasia by discussing the tribal ideals and medical techniques used thousands of years ago. The discovery that certain berries had lethal effects was used as a means of humane euthanasia for people who were very ill or badly injured (Richardson, 42). The author explains how medicine has evolved to the point where the... ...ge a persons fate. Richardson supports his argument with various cases and concrete facts. He presents his case in both an interesting and informative manner because he didnt just suffer solely on his feelings of his father. Miller on the other hand focuses on his feelings towards his grandmother without supporting his cases with a sound argument. He makes his story too own(prenominal) while ignoring the other side of the coin. This comes off as both arrogant and non-professional. Overall, these two articles support the pros of euthanasia, giving the reader a solid background to the ethical dilemma facing human beings today.Works CitedMiller, David. From Life in Death in a Peaceful Instant. The Humanist (May/ June 2000) 27Richardson, Andrea E. Death with Dignity The Ultimate Human Right? The Humanist (July/ Aug 2002) p. 42-43

Emily Dickinsons The Goal :: essays research papers

Emily Dickinsons "The Goal" discusses her theory that each human being run lows each day striving to obtain one and barely(a) specific finale. She theorizes that each individual longs to fulfill one specific achievement whether "expressed" to others or is "still" (l. 2) and locked into the individuals heart.Dickinson says that it is an inevitable part of human nature to inhabit this way, whether we mean so or not, and have not been able to recognize the specific theme of our life as it is "admitted scarcely to itself" (l. 5). She speculates that we attempt to cover our ambitions from others because we overlook "credibilitys temerity" (l. 7) and are scared that we are less accomplished than we should be to even imagine so great of expectations. She also brings out that not only are we wary of sharing our dream to others, but we ourselves approach it "adored with caution" (l. 9). Even though we ourselves doubt our ability to achie ve the extent of our dream, Dickinson says that the but away and the less attainable, the more desirable of an objective it becomes. She says that we chase after our purpose like someone chasing after "the rainbows raiment" (l. 11) which we continue to pursue for its salmon pink and the pot of gold, even though we know that it is only an appealing myth and the end of the rainbow does not truly exist at all. She compares our faith in achieving our goal as someone reaching "a brittle heaven" (l. 9) and living their lives in blind faith that they will ultimately achieve that goal. We all live our lives in part expecting to achieve utopia and to see the face of God at our death, but occasional we question the rationale of this hearts desire. We do however have to believe on the basis that without that belief, living a moral life and having a supernatural relationship would be ludicrous without that end reward of sitting at the feet of our maker. Likewise, we should li ve our lives with a mortal goal and faith that we will achieve it. If we approach our earthly desires in this manner, we will be more disciplined, and will anticipate to achieve this goal with all costs. Dickinson says that we should be inspired by "the saints slow diligence" (l. 15) who have gone before us all working towards their goal of spreading the gospel and doing good works.

Essay --

Colin StremlauArntzEnglish 9th 3rd periodDecember 17, 2013Abortion Why Its Wrong The greatest destroyer of peace is abortion because if a bring forth can kill her own child, what is left for me to kill you and you to kill me? There is nothing in between.-Mother Teresa pay you ever realized how precious life is? Have you ever wondered what it would be like if you were never born? Some babies dont get to experience life because of abortion. Abortion isnt an honorable way for abandoning a baby nor is it delightful to our community, its killing innocent people. Several babies have died from abortion and more will continue to do so because people support the pro-choice movement. Pro-choice isnt ethical because its against religion, morality, and can be emotionally damaging. Abortion doesnt benefit the baby or the woman. Some people believe that life starts after birth, but it doesnt. All unborn babies are people we must realize this and stop murdering defenseless babies.Abortion is a selfish act and it occurs very often. There are other solutions and its ver...

Religion in Public Schools Essay -- Prayer In Public Schools

Religious Rights in Public SchoolsJESUS in the classroom Are you feeling uncomfortable yet? Religion in the public school systems is among the top of the list of controversial topics in American society, Weve long been advised to avoid this and other religiously politically intertwined subjects in cultured conversation. If youre like most Americans, this topic makes you frustrated, high strung, or at least a little queasy. From the day the 1st amendment right appeared in the U.S. Constitution, to this present day, and sure into our nations tomorrows, the proper role of religion in public schools has been, is, and will continue to be a subject of great debate. It is important for school officials, parents, and students to have a clear understanding of the 1st amendment and how it affects their religious rights and the religious rights of others in a public school setting. Unfortunately, most people are confused or direct when it comes to this issue. The purpose of this paper is to guide the reader through a clear understanding of the 1st amendment the impact it has had in education, the religious freedoms it grants to students, and the religious freedoms it grants (or doesnt grant) to teachers.The Constitution exists just now so that opinions and judgments, including can be formed, tested, and expressed. These judgments are for the individual to make, not for the Government to decree even with the mandate or approval of a majority ( controlling dally Justice Anthony M. Kennedy, 1999). In knowing that, the 1st amendment states, Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting free exercise thereof&8230 As you can see there are two clauses in this part of the amendment. ... ... First Amendment Court Cases. Schenck v. United States (1919).Riley, R. (1998). Secretarys statement on religious expression. Retrieved November 15, 2001, from, the World astray Webhttp//www.ed.gov/Speeches/08-1995/religion.htmlStaver, Mathew. Teachers Rights on Public School Campuses. Retrieved November 16, 2001, from the World Wide Webhttp//www.lc.org/OldResources/teachers_rights_0900.htmlUnited States Supreme Court. (1993). Lambs Chapel v. Center. Washington DC. Government Printing Office.United States Supreme Court. (1994). Mozert v. Hawkins County Board of Education, 827 F.2d 1058 (6th Cir. 1987). Washington DC US Government Printing Office.United States Supreme Court. (1969). Tinker v. Des Moines School Districk, 393 U.S. 503, 89 S. Ct. 733, 21 L. Ed. 2d. 731. Washington DC US Government Printing Office.

Religion in Public Schools Essay -- Prayer In Public Schools

Religious Rights in Public SchoolsJESUS in the classroom Are you feeling uncomfortable yet? organized religion in the public school systems is among the top of the list of controversial topics in American society, Weve long been advised to avoid this and other religiously politically intertwined subjects in polite conversation. If youre like most Americans, this topic makes you frustrated, high strung, or at least a little queasy. From the day the 1st amendment right appeared in the U.S. opus, to this drink day, and surely into our nations tomorrows, the proper role of religion in public schools has been, is, and will continue to be a subject of great debate. It is important for school officials, parents, and students to keep up a clear understanding of the 1st amendment and how it affects their religious rights and the religious rights of others in a public school setting. Unfortunately, most people are confused or misguided when it comes to this issue. The purpose of this paper is to guide the reader through a clear understanding of the 1st amendment the impact it has had in education, the religious freedoms it grants to students, and the religious freedoms it grants (or doesnt grant) to teachers.The Constitution exists precisely so that opinions and judgments, including can be formed, tested, and expressed. These judgments are for the individual to make, not for the Government to decree even with the mandate or approval of a mass (Supreme Court Justice Anthony M. Kennedy, 1999). In knowing that, the 1st amendment states, Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting free exercise hence&8230 As you can see there are two clauses in this part of the amendment. ... ... First Amendment Court Cases. Schenck v. get together States (1919).Riley, R. (1998). Secretarys statement on religious expression. Retrieved November 15, 2001, from, the solid ground Wide Webhttp//www.ed.gov/Speeches/08-1995/religion.htmlStaver, Mathew. Teachers Rights on Public School Campuses. Retrieved November 16, 2001, from the World Wide Webhttp//www.lc.org/OldResources/teachers_rights_0900.htmlUnited States Supreme Court. (1993). Lambs Chapel v. Center. chapiter DC. Government Printing Office.United States Supreme Court. (1994). Mozert v. Hawkins County Board of Education, 827 F.2d 1058 (6th Cir. 1987). Washington DC US Government Printing Office.United States Supreme Court. (1969). Tinker v. Des Moines School Districk, 393 U.S. 503, 89 S. Ct. 733, 21 L. Ed. 2d. 731. Washington DC US Government Printing Office.

Carib Studies Ia

Acknowledgement Nobly, the researcher would like to bestow gratitude to all(prenominal) who has helped me in the completion of this Internal Assessment. Gratitude and appreciation to, God most of all, because without him theres is no ability to complete something. He helped to guide the researcher and helped her put away her indolence and complete her study effectively. The youngest sister of the researcher deserves appreciation because she helped the researcher in getting references and gathering the essential for this project. Much love to you, Lisan.To all those such as my peers and respondents to my questionnaire, Merci. Hope to submissively return the favour one day. fundament locus Urban Parish St. Ann School Code 06063 Gender Female School Organization Whole Day Size Class III Attendance Rate 92% Capacity 1000 Enrolment 950 Number of Teachers 41 Pupil/Teacher Ratio 241 Owned by Anglican Church Socio-Economic background St. Hildas diocesan High School for girls was establish ed by the Anglican Church in 1906 as a small day trail hold by the Deaconesses.In 1917, it was named The Diocesan High School for Girls and moved to its present site in 1922. It was given the present name in 1927. St. Hildas is located in Browns Town, St. Ann. It is a medium sized boarding discipline with approximately 950 students, and it has a capacity of 1000. With 41 teachers, the student teacher ratio is 241. The schools average daily attendance is 92 per cent. Students be from mixed socio economic backgrounds drawn from all over the island and include a few who are not Jamaicans. M whatever parents are unemployed but some are professionals. Some course in the hotel industry, some are farmers.The school motto Res Severa Verum Gaudium (Hard work brings true joy) is a source of inspiration for staff and students alike and summarizes the schools general attitude towards its endeavours and accomplishments. St. Hildas High school gets valuable documentation from business and c ommunity organizations in the forms of donations and scholarships. Its high academic standard is complemented by a rich heathenish heritage which is showcased in its annual Eisteddfod. In 2010, the school was placed fourth in the All Together Sing choir competition and came first in Bob Marleys Song Arrangement Competition.For the latter, the school received a replica of the icons guitar. Intervention programmes like Young women of Change give support to students with emotional and neighborly needs. Statement of job What is the extent of racialism at St. Hildas Diocesan High, Browns Town? Aims and objectives racialism is vastly evident at this institution. The completion of this IA will and then determine The extent of racialism at the institution The influence of racism at the institution The consequences of racism at the institution Literature review Racism is the ideologies of social processes which discriminate against people based solely on the basis of their belonging to antithetic ethnicity. It should be noted that some sociologists such as Parsons, commend that people are primarily socialized to be racist. The influencing factors of racism are parents, siblings, peers, schools, governmental officials, religion, mass media and many others (Solomos, 1993, Haralambos and Holborn, 2004). Racial disadvantages are a result of the differences in cultural characteristics that do not coincide with the norms and values of the upper class (Smith, N. D adopted from Mustapha, 2009). for integration in the creolization process to take place multi- culturalism and plurality of cultures must be first accepted in order to reduce racial stigmatization (Braithwaite, adopted from Mustapha, 2009). Similarly, functionalists aim for a cultural consensus for a important balanced and functional society (Kirby,1997 adopted from Haralambas and Holborn, 2004). Marx, however, views racism as a belief system apply to legitimize the exploitation of the lower class citizens by the upper class. Some sociologists even believe that if capitalism had not developed then racial prejudice, in question, would not exist (Kirby et. l 1997 Cox, 1970, Haralambos and Holborn, 2004). Interactionists believes that racial skirmish was a result of the deficiency in parley about the variation in the self-conceptualization. In society, race and ethnicity are viewed as variable because they are lots being discussed (Lal, 1998 Kirby, 1997, Haralambos and Holborn, 2004). Racism was utilize to validate slavery during colonialism (Roleff, 1991). In the 19th century, indentured workers were bought to Trinidad to supplant the Africans on the plantations and there was an adjacent awareness of the ethnic differences.Hence, social stratification in the plantation society was based on the differences in the race in society. Therefore, race is one of the innate factors canful class cleavage in society. (Brereton, 1979 adopted from Reddock and Barrow, 2001). The term race was first used in the 15th century but only grew in importance with the relation to the knowledge of liberalism bought a sense of identity to people, which was intended to bring further improvement of society, along with equality (Golberg, Haralambos and Holborn, 2004). Whites in society being superior encouraged racism and racist beliefs in society and the racism led to the limitations in the social breeding chances of proletariats (Golberg, Haralambos and Holborn) Segregation and discrimination in society are also the results of racism (Haralambos and Holborn, 20004). Policies can be formulated to enclose equal opportunities and cultural integration such as the Race and Relations Acts (Haralambos and Holborn, 2004). The Creolization Thesis proposes the governments can promote cultural assimilation and integration in order to have syncretism.A variety of the cultural traits mix together to form a new culture that is satisfactory for all members of society (Braithwaite, 1971, Mus tapha, 2009). Research Design The term research design whitethorn be defined as the scientific data collected. It is from research that theories are derived. quantifiable data was the selected research data since it is general, objective and value free. The statistics of the data self-collected can be easily quantified and is used to support the findings of research. Questionnaires were used because they are used for obtaining particular instruments for data collection.The data gathered from the questionnaires would be easily quantified and displayed in various figures and diagrams. The study is based on the degree of the public of racism at St. Hildas Diocesan High. To effectively complete this project, the study was done during the period of November 20th to November 30, 2012. In order to attain data randomly, the sample population was selected by process. Two out of the fifty questionnaires presented were separately distributed to students from each grade level and class with permission from the school principal and form teachers. SampleA sample may be defined as a portion of a large population and it is often used to represent the large population. For this study, random sampling was used. So devil out of fifty questionnaires were to distributed 2 students from each class from each grade level, who willingly participated in the study. This would be chooseed systematic random sampling. It is considered as such because the candid units were chosen in a logical order. The method of sampling is practical because it is time effective when selecting the same from a large population. Data Collection InstrumentQuestionnaires were used to collect data. The use of questionnaires was both cost effective and time effective. The use of questionnaires assured the maintenance of increased objectivity and the accuracy in the study. The data gathered from the questionnaires can be easily quantified. Questionnaire Gender male female How old are you? To what ethnicity do you belong? African Chinese American Mixed Do you know what racism is? If yes, explain. Do you think racism exists at St. Hildas Diocesan High? Please explain the reason for your answer. How prevalent is racism at St.Hildas Diocesan High? Great extent not a great extent non-existent Does racism at school affect you? If yes, in what way. Would you consider yourself racist? Would you consider any of your friends as racists? Explain answers for both number 7 and 8. Have you ever been involved in any racist use? Please account for your answer. Have you ever been a victim of racism? If so, how Persons provoke you about your ethnicity and religion persons ignore your existence and humanity persons demean your extraction and heritage other. Please specify. Does anyone at your school instigate racism?If so, who academic staff peers principal ancillary staff Do you think racism has a negative impact on students? If yes, in what way causing students to fail academically because of low se lf-esteem and confidence emotionally scarring students, especially the younger ones, for life If other, specify. What are some of the methods that could be used to eliminate or reduce racism at St. Hildas? How do you think the school on a whole can benefit from the reduction or elimination of racism? Presentation of Findings Figure 1 Students affect and not affected by racism Figure 2 Been vs. havent been victims of racism.Figure 3 ways students were victims of racism Figure 4 racism is instigated/ not instigated Figure 5 Does racism has or doesnt have a negative impact on students? Analysis and Discussion of Findings As seen in figure 1, 10% isnt affected by racism while 90% is. This shows that generally, a large percentage of students are affected by racism at St. Hildas Diocesan High. The concept behind this question was to ascertain whether multi- culturalism and plurality of cultures are accepted, in order to reduce racial stigmatization as Braithwaite claimed it must in order for integration and prober give of communication.Without proper communication students learning and interpretation of certain matters will be affected. Figure 2 shows the percentage of students who have been victims of racism at St. Hildas Diocesan High. The diagram is based on information received from the related question from the questionnaire. The diagram shows that 80% have been and 20% havent. figure 3, displays the percentage and different ways in which students are victimized by racism. Its displays that 10% persons demean their ancestry and heritage, 40%, persons provoke them about their ethnicity and religion and 50%, persons ignore their existence and humanity.Figure 4, 5% said no racism isnt instigated, while a mighty 95% said it is. When quested how and by who, a large number of students verbalize that it is instigated by the principal in the way she treats certain students because of either their grades or their light coloured skin. One student notably wrote that s he thought about seemly a racist so many times because of the way the principal treated her different from all other students. She notably stated that she is of Chinese ethnicity and is academically well of as she is a prefect at the school. She states that ometimes she thinks she is better than other students academically and when it comes to beauty because of how Mrs Johnson, her principal idolizes her. Also certain things that Mrs Johnson would verbalize instilled some kind of racial feelings inside her. This indeed proves that racism is instigated and goes back to Racism was used to validate slavery during colonialism (Roleff, 1991). In the 19th century, indentured workers were bought to Trinidad to supplant the Africans on the plantations and there was an immediate awareness of the ethnic differences.Hence, social stratification in the plantation society was based on the differences in the race in society. Therefore, race is one of the fundamental factors behind class divisio n in society. (Brereton, 1979 adopted from Reddock and Barrow, 2001). This could cause class division yes because this student might think so highly of herself that she will be-little others as it were in slavery days. Also, racism was instigated by planters to cause division and immediate distinction between owner and slaves.Maybe this is the similar to what Mrs Johnson is doing, separating brighter and prettier students from the rest so the less reasoning(a) or less beautiful one will feel inferior as the slaves did to the whites. All this adds to what is seen in Figure 5. There are 8o% of students who are affected negatively by racism and 20% which arent. this incorporates Brertons prospective on racial and ethnic discrimination, racism between slaves from other ethnic groups based on stratification. Also with regards to Figure 3, Marx perspective that racism is a belief system used to legitimize the exploitation of the lower class can be applied.Students who say they are affec ted by racism are those who are may belong to different social classes in social hierarchy or may belong to different ethnic groups than those who are not affected. Certain students who are affected may also be considered less academically accomplished to those who are not. Racism has negative effects on students as shown in Figure 5. This according to Lal, is that interactionists believe that racial conflicts were a result of the deficiency in communication about the variation in self- conceptualization. ConclusionIn conclusion, racism impacts negatively on the lives of the young ladies of St. Hildas Diocesan High. Racism negatively affects school interaction, and behaviour of these young ladies. However, as Braithwaite indicates, through formulation of policies, the Government can promote cultural assimilation and integration in order to have syncretism. A variety of cultural traits blended together to form a new culture that is satisfactory for all students of the St. Hildas Dioc esan High School. Bibliography Barrow C and Reddock R, (Eds. ), 2001Caribbean Sociology Introductory Recordings. Kingston Ian Randle Publishers Ltd. Haralambos, M and Holborn, M (Eds. ) 2004 Sociology Themes and Perspectives. London Harper Collins Publishers Ltd. Mustapha, N (Eds) 2009. Sociology for Caribbean Students. Kingston Ian Randle Publishers Ltd. Kerwin, C and Jackson, I, 1996. Sociology for Caribbean Students, Volume 1. Kingston Ian Randle Publishers Ltd. Table of Contents Topic Page Acknowledgement Introduction Statement of problem Literature review Research design Sample Data collection instrument Presentation of findingsAnalysis and discussion of findings Recommendations Limitations Conclusion Bibliography bRecommendations The researcher would remember The government implement some non- racist movement within all schools The government go about implementing ways to encourage students in schools and fire any employee at the school who encourages racism The schools chair man visit the school more often and see just what is going on there, ask the students their opinions on the matter discussed and go about making changes Students appeal to authorities who might help them on the matterLimitations Within the completion of this project the researcher didnt have any limitations. All resources were at hand especially at home. The researcher should proudly say that she put these resources to good use. This project was well nonionized and put together because of this. He researcher hopes all readers and the examiner feels the same.

Financial Accounting 3 Summary

CHAPTER 1 fiscal STATEMENTS Financial Statement the means by which the information accumulated and processed in fiscal describe is pointednessic each(pre tokenish)y communicated. customary purpose financial accounts -PAS1 prescribes to ensure comparability both with the entitys financial averments of old periods and with the financial statements of early(a) entities. -statements int blocked to meet the inevitably of users who are not in a blot to require an entity to prepare wrap ups tailored to their particular information needs.Comp unmatchednts of financial statements 1. Statement of financial emplacement 2. Income statement 3. Statement of Comprehensive Income 4. Statement of Changes in impartiality 5. Statement of Cash Flows 6. Notes comprising a summary of significant be policies and other explanatory information objectives of financial statements -to provide information about the financial direct, financial performance and gold flows of an entity that is use ful to a wide range of users in making economic decisions.General features of financial statements Going Concern An entity preparing PFRS financial statements is presumed to be a going reach. If management has significant concerns about the entitys ability to continue as a going concern, the uncertainties moldiness be disclosed. If management concludes that the entity is not a going concern, the financial statements should not be prepared on a going concern pedestal, in which case PAS1 requires a series of disclosures. Accrual Basis of write upPAS1 requires that an entity prepare its financial statements, except for cash flow information, using the accrual basis of accounting. Materiality and Aggregation Each material class of similar items must be presented separately in the financial statements. Dissimilar items may be amount only if they are individually immaterial. Offsetting Assets and liabilities, and income and expense, may not offset unless required of permitted by a Sta ndard or an Interpretation. Frequency of Reporting An entity shall present a complete set of financial statements at least(prenominal) annually.Comparative Information PAS 1 requires that comparative information shall be disclosed in respect of the previous period for all amounts reported in the financial statements, both face of financial statements and notes, unless another Standard permits or requires otherwise. Consistency of Presentation The presentation and compartmentalization of items in the financial statements shall be retained from one period to the next unless a convince is justified either by a change in circumstances of requirement of a new PFRS. Measurement of elements process of determining the monetary amounts at which the elements of FS are recognized and carried in the statement of financial position and income statement. Measurement base on financial attributes 1. Historical cost- amount paid or the face value of the consideration given to acquire assets at th e age of acquisition. 2. actual cost- amount that would cause to be paid if the same or an equivalent asset was acquired onlinely. 3. Realizable value- amount that would currently be obtained by marketing the asset in an orderly disposal. 4.Present value- discounted value of the future net cash inflows that the item is expected to generate in the normal course of business. CHAPTER 2 STATEMENT OF pecuniary POSITION The Statement of Financial Position Elements Asset An asset is a resource controlled by the entity as a gist of the historical hithertots and from which future economic benefits are expected to flow the entity. Liability A indebtedness is a present obligation of the entity arising from past events, the settlement of which is expected to result in an outflow from the entity of resources embodying economic benefits.Equity Equity is the residual interest in the assets of the entity after deducting all its liabilities. Statement of Financial Position Presentation An e ntity must normally present a classified statement of financial position, separating a current and noncurrent assets and liabilities. Only if a presentation based on liquid provides information that is trusty and more relevant may the current/noncurrent split be omitted. In either case, if an asset (liability) category commingles amounts that will be genuine (settled) after 12 months, note disclosure is required that eparates the longer-term amounts from the 12-month amounts. An asset shall be classified as current when it satisfies any of the following criteria * It is expected to be realized in, or is intended for sale or consumption, in the entitys normal operational cycle * It is held primarily for the purpose of being traded * It is expected to be realized within 12 months after the reporting period or * It is cash or a cash equivalent unless restricted from being exchange or used to settle a liability for at least 12 months after the reporting period.All other assets shall be classified as noncurrent. A liability shall be classified as current when it satisfies any of the following criteria * It is expected to be settled in the entitys normal run cycle * It is held primarily for the purpose of being traded * It is expected to be settled within 12 months after the reporting period or * The entity does not have an unconditional right to defer settlement of the liability for at least 12 months after reporting period.All other liabilities shall be classified as noncurrent. Long-term debt expected to be refinanced under an existing loan facility is noncurrent, even if due within 12 months. If a liability has become payable on demand because an entity has breached an undertaking under a long-term loan agreement on or before the balance sheet date, the liability is current, even if the lender has agreed, after the balance sheet date and before the authorization of the financial statements for issue, not to demand payment as a consequence of the breach.How ever, the liability is classified as non-current if the lender agreed by the balance sheet date to provide a period of grace ending at least 12 months after the balance sheet date, within which the entity can rectify the breach and during which the lender cannot demand immediate repayment. When an entity presents current and non-current assets and liabilities as separate classifications on the face of the BS, it shall not classify deferred tax assets (liabilities) as current assets. CHAPTER 6 ACCOUNTING CHANGESChanges in accounting fancy A change in accounting estimate is a normal recurring correction or try-on of an asset or liability which is the natural result of the use of an estimate. Examples of accounting estimate a. Bad debt b. Inventory obsolescence c. Useful life, residual value, and expected pattern of consumption of benefit of depreciable asset. d. Warranty cost e. Fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities Changes in accounting estimates are to be handle d currently and prospectively, if necessary.Prospective recognition of the effect of a change in accounting estimate means that the change is apply to transactions, other events and conditions from the date of change in estimate. A change in depreciation method is accounted for as a change in accounting estimate. Accounting policies -are the specific principles, bases, conventions, rules and practices utilise by an entity in preparing and presenting financial statements. Changes in accounting policy A change in accounting policy shall be make only when a. Required by an accounting standard or an interpretation of the standard. b.The change will result in more relevant or reliable information about the financial position, financial performance and cash flows of the entity. Examples of change in accounting policy a. Change in the method of inventory determine from the FIFO to weighted average method b. Change in the method of accounting for long term construction contract. c. The i nitial adoption of policy to swing assets at revalued amount d. Change from cost model to fair value model in measuring investment property and property, plant and equipment e. Change to a new policy resulting from the requirementA change in accounting policy required by a standard or an interpretation shall be applied in accordance with the transitional provisions therein. If the standard or interpretation or transitional provisions or if an accounting policy is changed voluntarily, the change shall be applied retrospectively. Retrospective application means that any resulting adjustment from the change in accounting policy shall be reported as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings. The amount of the adjustment is determined as of the beginning of the grade.Prospective application means that the new accounting policy is applied to events and transactions occurring after the date of change. Change in reporting entity A change in reporting entity is a change whe reby entities change their nature and report their operations in such a way that the financial statements are in effect those of a different reporting entity. CHAPTER 7 INTERIM FINANCIAL REPORTING Interim report is a financial reporting period shorter than one financial year. Components of an interim financial report a. Condensed statement of financial position . Condensed income statement c. Condensed statement of comprehensive income d. Condensed statement of cash flows e. Selected explanatory notes Under PAS 34, paragraph 28, the general rule in preparing interim financial statements is that costs and expenses that understandably benefit more than one interim period are allocated to the interim periods affected. Inventory loss from market decline is reported in the interim period in which the decline occurs. Recovery of such loss on the same inventory in later interim period is recognized as off in the later interim period.However, any gain on reversal of inventory writedown is limited only to the amount of loss previously recognized. The effects of a disposal of segment of business are reported separately in the interim periods in which they occur. PAS 34, paragraph 39, provides that cost incurred unevenly during a financial year shall be anticipated or deferred for interim purposes only if it is also appropriate to anticipate or defer such cost at the end of the financial year. Gains should be recognized in the interim period in which they are realized.The cumulative effect of change in accounting policy is shown in the statement of retained earnings, not in the income statement. CHAPTER 8 OPERATING SEGMENT Under PFRS 8, an entity shall disclose information about an operating segment that meets any of the following valued thresholds 1. The segment revenue, including both gross sales to external customers and intersegment sales or transfers, is 10% or more of the combined revenue, internal and external, of all operating segments. 2. The segment emolum ent or loss is 10% or more of the greater of the following a.The combined profit of all operating segments with profit b. The combined loss of all operating segments with loss 3. The assets of the segment are 10% or more of the combined assets of all operating segments. Under PFRS 8, paragraph 13, segment revenue includes sales to external customers and intersegment sales of operating segments engaged solely in manufacturing. Revenue includes both sales to unaffiliated customers and intersegment sales. Under PFRS 8, paragraph 15, the total external revenue attributable to reportable operating segments must be at least 75% of the total entity external revenue.General corporate expenses are not allocated to operating segments as a measure of profit or loss. If the total external revenue attributable to reportable segments constitutes less than 75% of the entity external revenue, additional segments shall be identified even they do not meet the 10% quantitative threshold until 75% of t he entity external revenue is included in reportable segments. Moreover, reportable segments that are below the10% threshold can be aggregated as one segment if they have similar economic characteristics and share a legal age of the five aggregation criteria as follows a.Nature of product b. Nature of production process c. Class of customer d. Method of distributing product e. Regulated environment CHAPTER 9 CASH AND ACCRUAL BASIS Method of Accounting. 1. Cash Basis- Income is recognized when received regardless of when realize, and expense is recognized when paid regardless of when incurred. 2. Accrual Basis- Income is recognized when earned regardless of when received, and expenses are recognized when incurred regardless of when paid. Computation of sales under accrual basis Cash Sales XXSales on account Trade accounts and notes due XX Collection of Trade accounts and notes receivable XX Sales returns, allowances and discounts XX Accounts and notes receivable write off XX Trade notes receivable discounted XX Total XX slight trade accounts and notes receivable,beg XX Total Sales XX Computation of Purchases under Accrual Basis Cash Purchases XX Purchases on account XX Trade accounts and notes payable,end XXPayment of Trade accts and Notes payable XX Purchases return, discounts & allowances XX Total XX Less Trade accts and notes payable,beg XX Total purchases XX Income other than sales Income received XX Add Deferred income- beg XX Accrued income- end XX Total XX Less Deferred income- endXX Accrued income- begXX XX Income for the current year XX Expenses in general Expenses paid XX Add prepaid expenses- beg XX Accrued expenses- end XXTotal XX Less Deferred income- endXX Accrued income- beg XX XX Income for the current year XX Prepaid expenses are expenses paid in advance but not yet incurred. These are assets. Accrued expenses are expenses already incurred but not yet paid. These are liabilities. CHAPTER 10 SINGLE accounting entry Single Entry System A sys tem of record keeping in which transactions are not analyzed and recorded in the divalent entry framework is called a single entry system when the records are said to be incomplete. CHAPTER 11 ERROR CORRECTION forward Period ErrorsPrior period errors are omissions from, and misstatements in, an entitys financial statements for one or more prior periods arising from a failure to use, or misuse of, reliable information that was ready(prenominal) and could reasonably be expected to have been obtained and taken into account in preparing those statements. Such error result from mathematical mistakes, mistakes in applying accounting policies, oversights or misunderstanding of facts, and fraud. Prior period error shall be corrected by retrospective restatement, meaning, if comparative statements are presented, the prior year statements are restated to correct the error.Types of Errors a. Statement of financial position errors *affect the statement of financial position and real account s only, meaning, the improper classification of an asset, liability and capital account. b. Income Statement errors * affect the income statement or nominal accounts only, meaning, the improper classification of revenue and expense account c. Combined statement of financial position and Income statement errors * affect both the statement of financial position and income statement ecause they result in a misstatement of net income If it is impracticable to determine the period specific effect of an error on comparative information for one or more prior periods presented, the entity must restate the opening balances of assets, liabilities, and equity for the earliest period for which retrospective statement is practicable (which may be the current period) Further, if it is impracticable to determine the cumulative effect, at the beginning of the current periods, the entity must restate the comparative information to correct the error prospectively from the earliest date practicable.CH APTER 12 STATEMENT OF CASH FLOW Cash comprises cash on hand and demand deposits. Cash equivalents are short-term, highly liquid investments that are readily standardised to known amounts of cash and which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value. Cash flows are inflows and outflows of cash and cash equivalents. Operating Activities are the principal revenue-producing activities of the entity and other activities that are not investing or financing activities. Investing activities are the acquisition and disposal of long-term assets and other investments not included in cash equivalent.Financing activities are activities that result in changes in the size and composition of the contributed equity and borrowings of the entity. *Interest and dividends received and paid may be classified as operating, investing, or financing cash flows, provided that they are classified consistently from period to period. Interest paid usually operating alternatively financing Interest received usually operating alternatively financing Dividends received usually operating alternatively financing Dividends paid usually financing alternatively operating FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSISTHE BASIC FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS 1. HORIZONTAL OR COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS -represents the differences in absolute amount and in dowry between two periods (i. e. years, quarters, etc. ), two companies, actual and budgeted date, and other bases analyses. Percentage of changes= Amount of change/Base 2. TREND ANALYSIS It extends beyond two years. The purpose of trend analysis is to track down what happened in the past and provide a pattern on what may happen in the coming years. It uses indexes and ratios to alter the visible complications of numbers contained in financial reports. . THE VERTICAL ANALYSIS (OR COMMON-SIZE ANALYSIS) It gets the proportional component of each of the variables in the financial statements in relation to a chosen base 4. THE FINANCIAL MIX RATIO CLASSIFICAT ION OF FINANCIAL MIX RATIOS a. Profitability Ratios It measures the ability of the business to generate profit in relation to sales, investments, assets, equities, or common shares outstanding. relent ON SALE = net income Income Net sales GROSS PROFIT RATE = Gross Profit Net Sales RETURN ON TOTAL ASSETS = Net income + Interest expense, net of tax/ average total assets RETURN ON SHE = Net income Ave. SHE b. Growth Ratios -Are indicative of the organizations potential and attractiveness as an investment option. EARNINGS PER SHARE = Net income Pref. dividend Ave. common shares outstanding BOOK VALUE PER SHARE = Shareholders Equity Ave. shares outstanding c. Liquidity Ratios Liquidity refers to the ability of the business to pay its obligations in cash as they mature. OPERATING TURNOVER = collection period + inventory old age INVENTORY TURNOVER = COGS Ave. inventory INVENTORY DAYS = 360/ inventory daysRECEIVABLE TURNOVER = Net credit Sales Ave. Trade receivables COLLECTION extremity = 360/ ARTO PAYABLE TURNOVER = Net credit purchases Ave. Trade payables PAYABLES DAYS = 360/ payable turnover NET WORKING CAPITAL = Current Assets-Current Liabilities CURRENT RATIO = Current asset/ Current Liabilities QUICK RATIO = Quick Assets/ Current Liabilities d. Leverage Ratios Financial leverage is a measure of risk. DEBT to EQUITY RATIO = total debt Net SHE DEBT to ASSET = Total debt total assets TIME INTEREST EARNED = EBIT interest expense

Office Management Essay

According to Npower (Business Case Studies) Often these decisions are administrative in nature and can be implemented quickly and lean to carry a little risk and are smaller scale, but are never the less important choices that people have to make to satisfy their role. Strategic finish Implementing that laptops are to be used by partners while emerge of the office would be a strategic decision. There are loads of problems with the partners being out of the office and with the use of laptops as communicating tools this allow provide a direct link between the office staff and the partners.I believe that this is a strategic decision as with the right planning and overseeing the development this could really be a step forward for Classic Interiors because take form can be exchanged between partners and the office and messages can be passed on effectively meaning that there wont be a build-up of work or office staff with no work and communication between everyone will be made a lot easier. avail adequate to(p) Decision Stipulating a lunch time for each staff member would be an organisational decision. The current system for lunch time is non convenient as the employees posture to decide when they go as long as one of them is in the office.I believe this is an operational decision because if affects the day to day running of the organisation. If the administrators were entrap a lunch hour each they would have to stick to it and get used to working alongside the time set. Role of Office Manager Operational Planning Process As the office causer my role in establishing a new routine for lunch hour would be to organise a meeting to communicate the proposed changes with administrators and gain their views. Then I would create a plan to delegate forward to the administrators and partners.When a decision has been reached and the new plan is put into action I would have to oversee the progress of the plan gathering feedback at every opportunity. Issues There is increased frustration between partners and administrators due to the partners carrying out task they believe the administrators could be doing which would free up more time for the partners. The solution to this would be to for all administrators to be trained how to use the specialist inside(prenominal) design software, this would en fitting them to alleviate the work load from the partners and intuitive feeling more involved in the design side of their work.This would likely be time eat to train the administrators but the overall outcome would be beneficial to the company. The relationship between partners and the administrators is suffering due to the partners being out of the office as communication is often via trivial telephone messages and emails which has led to information being mis-communicated. The solution would be to introduce the use of PDAs (Personal digital Assistants) for partners to be able to communicate with administrators.This would enable the administrator s to contact the partners if a problem arises while carrying out work so that no mistakes are made and also they would be able to check their diaries to make appointments without the chance of double booking. Instant messaging could also help with communication as they are received instantly and can be replied to in seconds. Financial Planning and Budgetary Control Financial Planning According to Jim Priebe (ehow) A financial plan is like a blue print. It is a description of what you want to achieve and the tools you need to achieve it.Financial planning is the process of asking questions to ensure that you manage your risk against unexpected events. Managers need to be able to exercise correspond over the organisation that they manage to make sure that financial plans are being achieved both for the long term and the short term. Benefits of financial planning are 1 Reducing the risk of a financial crisis. 2 Allows you to understand how each financial decision made affects former(a ) areas of finance. Barriers of financial planning are 1 It can be time consuming 2 Can be costly as will involve accountants. Budgetary ControlBudgetary control is precise control of an organisations operations by establishment of standards and targets concerning income and expenditure. Continuous monitoring is required to be effective. Benefits of budgetary control are 1 Coordinates activities across departments. 2 Provides a record of organisational activities. Barriers of budgetary control are 1 Budgets can demotivate staff. 2 May cause contender for resources. Effective Delegation Delegation is the distribution of tasks by the office manager. Giving responsibilities to employees to carry out the work but the work will remain nonresistant to the office manager.When delegation is carried out properly very good results and high productivity can be achieved. The Process of Delegation Delegation can be very difficult. The process of delegation is 1 Define the task 2 Select the Ind ividual 3 Explain what must be achieved (clear instructions) 4 prove requirement to completion 5 Agree a deadline 6 Be there for support 7 Always give feedback Benefits Time circumspection would be a benefit of delegation as this would allow partners to delegate work so that they have a more manageable work load.Delegating tasks will motivate staff and increase productivity. Barriers Forcing someone to do a task that they dont want to or are not capable of would be a barrier, this can be seen in the case study when Izzy asked one of the administrators to just follow what had been done before. This lead to the administrator getting upset and Izzy olfactory property unable to approach anyone else. This could have been avoided by management setting out a procedure for staff to follow and allocating the task to someone suitable.Confusion or so who is ultimately responsible for tasks is a barrier to effective delegation, this can be seen in the case study as partners are frustrated b ecause they believe that politics is responsible for some of their tasks. This can be corrected by training administrators to make the delegation process easier. Leadership Models I think Tomi uses democratic leadership. As Tomi involves the staff in the decision making process of meeting times and encouraged staff to offer their opinions which made the administrators feel like what they said mattered.I believe Izzi uses Autocratic Leadership. When Izzi was in charge she would decide the times of meetings even when it was inconvenient to the others meaning work started to suffer which she then thought they could not manage and devised a new procedure which is hopeless but Izzi cannot see this. Staff find it difficult to communicate with her. Autocratic Leadership works where there is no need for input on the decisions and Democratic leadership works when a leader seeks help and guidance from staff to make decisions.Democratic leadership The come to of this leadership style is that it gives staff a voice and they are able to communicate better with management. Democratic leadership style encourages better cooperation and motivates staff because they feel well informed in everything that affects their work. Autocratic Leadership The impact of this leadership style is that it fails to motivate staff and they feel forced to do things managements way although It is not always the best way and staff become stressed being pushed.Autocratic leadership style encourages no communication between staff and management as management make all the decisions based on what they feel is best for the organisation. References Hamel, G. (2008) What is strategic Decision Making http//smallbusiness. chron. com/strategic-decision-making-23782. html Npower. Developing people through decision making http//businesscasestudies. co. uk/npower/developing-people-through-decision-making/tactical-decisions. html Priebe, J. What is the purpose of Financial Planning http//www. ehow. com/info_7 755005_purpose-financial-plan. html

Critically Analyse How the Government Debt Problems Essay

IntroductionSince the Greeces debt crisis happened, the Euro zone has to confront with a huge milkweed butterfly debt crisis, corresponding g everyplacenments debt increased, coalition yield scatterings widened, Euro exchange rate fell as well, which vexd that the whole international financial food grocery stores gradu everyy lost the confidence. The purpose of this essay is to discuss the impact of this crisis both(prenominal) on foreign exchange and derivative markets. And the rest words is to analyse several possible reasons why this small economy could trigger such a wide impact on global financial markets, in which contagion can be considered as the fundamental and identifiable cause during the whole spread of crisis.The Impacts of European self-g everywherening debt crisisForeign exchangeForeign exchange market, as the largest and the or so liquid financial market, with an average daily trading volume of some $1.5 trillion changing hands where statistically it is sup erior to all US equity and Treasure markets combined (Michelle Chan, 2011), was expectedly deteriorated as well as fluctuated by the ongoing European debt sovereign crisis since 2008.On one hand, the foreign exchange market reflected considerable stress under the lingering European debt crisis. On the basis of the monetary markets Stability Map(graphical eternalize1), apparently, financial markets, particularly the foreign exchange market continued to be weaker and experienced the heightened volatility. This weakness is shown in the graph1 that take a chances successively increase as the causal agency gradually moves away from the map center. Dissimilarly, risks in the rest of three components of the financial markets stability map, banking sector funding, debt and equity markets remained largely stable as well as unchanged, compared with the foreign exchange market. mostly to say, as indicated by the trends in the Financial Stability Map, the overall stability of the financial system kept in a robust development.Graph1 Financial Stability MappicSource BloombergOn another hand, the foreign exchange rate was deeply influenced as well, particularly the depreciation of the Euro was more prominent against non-European currencies, such as yen, the USD and the GBP, as non-European currencies was coinstantaneously affected by spillover effects from the euro-zone.According to the graph2, the euro has depreciated against the USD and Japanese yen by or so 25 percent since the deeply 2011, but by approximately 4 to 8 percent against the UK pound. Overall, the euro has depreciated by 8 percent on a trade-weighted basis (TWI) since the mid 2011, fluctuating around its average index.Graph 2 Euro against Selected CurrenciespicSource Bloomberg RBAOn the contrary, according to the Graph3, the Japanese yen had been depreciated slightly and modestly against the USD from its nearest risqueest rate in late November 2011. Generally to say, the yen was smoothly unchanged ag ainst the US dollar during the time period of six mouths. Nevertheless, the yen has appreciated by 7 percent against the euro since late 2011, arrive at a highest level during past 11 years at the beginning of 2012. Reflecting this in the graph2, Japans nominal trade-weighted index (TWI) has recovered to historically high levels, though it remains only above its long-run average in real term (Reserve Bank of Australia, 2012).Graph 3 Japanese Effective switch RatespicSource BIS RBAAs for the USD, it was appreciated extremely strongly against the euro since late November 2011, seen in the Graph4, but depreciated against other foreign currencies. Concerning the trade-weighted index (TWI), the USD was mostly unchanged since 2011.Graph 4 US Dollar against Selected CurrenciespicSource BloombergOppositely, after fluctuational depreciating during the past few months, several emerging market currencies have appreciated since the beginning of 2012(Graph5). However, as the continuous concern s about spillover effects from the euro area debt crisis, emerging European currencies remained relatively weak nowadays.Graph5 Emerging Market CurrenciespicSources Bloomberg IMF RBADerivative MarketIn 2001, in grade to enter European Union, Greece referred the U.S. Goldman Sachs to design the currency swaps, which facilitated Greece join the European union. Nevertheless after predicting the prospects of the classical economy, Goldman bought German CDS credit disrespect swap insurance and gambled that Grecian could not afford such a large sum of manufacturement of insurance that purchased the cheap CDS. When Greece debt broke out, distribute the bad news of the Greeces pay ability to increase the price of CDS and earn the price differences.With the emergence of European debt crisis, the credit rating of some countries like Greece, Portugal, Ireland and Spain had been downgraded in term of there sovereign credit, which means the international markets would no longer trust these economical situation and credit rating levels. As a result,most of potential emptors and sellers of bonds in the sovereign debt market began to suspect the governments ability to repay its debt, and then they will require a higher bond discount rate in the potential risk of default about sovereign bond as the part of the compensation of risk premium. When the discount rate of importly exceeds the risk-free rate, the national debt will be in a rather high discount rate. In addition, the CDS price of the European countries increased rapidly. As we saw from the graph6, the Greece five years CDS price had reached to almost 1500, which reflects the buyer of the CDS have to cost a relatively higher fix rate to buy the Greeces credit risk call option.Graph 6 5 years Sovereign CDS risk premium and Sovereign credit rating in different countries. picSource BloombergAnother impact on derivation market is the Futures and Options. Traders and hedge funds had bet most $8bn (5.1bn) to against the euro, amassing the biggest ever short position in the single currency on fears of a euro-zone debt crisis. Figures from CME(Chicago Mercantile Exchange) illustrates that investors had enhanced their positions against the euro to record levels. This phenomena demonstrates that investors were losing confidence in the single currencys ability to withstand any contagion from Greeces budget problems affecting other European countries(Financial Time, 2010). Additionally, European debt crisis aggravated as the Moody turn 17 German banks rating outlook to negative on the 25th of July. The bear have the advantage in the Futures and Options market.How does the European debt crisis transmissionSince the Greece was downgraded by credit rating companies, European sovereign debt crisis broke out and then intensified across the euro-zone. Other European countries like Belgium, Portugal, Spain and Italy. Germany and other primary euro-zone countries had begun to be impacted by such an unavoidab le crisis(Graph 7), simultaneously the euro fell sharply. With European stock markets at rock bottom, the euro area was experiencing the most severe difficulty since its inauguration. Whist the debt crisis was unexpected expanded. As to how and why this small economies could trigger such a wide impact in financial markets, it essential be the financial contagion.Graph 7 How sovereign debit crisis could spread through the Euro-zone picThe inter-contagion within a country could be considered as an essential cause that triggered such a wide impact in financial markets. The interconnectedness means that a crisis in one can cripple the other (Daniel and Harold, 2012). As European banks are much more deeply connected to their individual governments, euro-zone banks naturally charter large shares of their governments debt, like in Greece and Germany, domestic banks hold nearly 20 percent of domestic government debt, and Spanish banks hold around 30 percent (Silvia and John, 2012). So loo k, other financial domestic institutions may hold much domestic debt as well, such as insurance companies. Government. Spain exemplifies contagion spreading from banks to government. Spains banks were loaded with mortgages that went bad when the countrys housing smatter popped. Despite modest debt and budget surpluses in six of the seven years preceding the crisis (World Bank, 2007), the band crisis caused the government to lose control of its financing. Generally to say, government risk could affect banks, otherwise, if banks fail, the governments bond market customers are bankrupt (The Heritage Foundation, 2012).And moreover, with the momentum of the globalization, the world economy is becoming tightly linked, like non-euro countries governments or banks hold the European bonds. It means that problems in one part of the world can reverberate almost everywhere else-risking a cascade of default contagion, espial credit and collapsing economic activity. For example, in October 2011 , Italian borrowers owed French banks $366 billion (net). Should Italy be unable to pay itself, the French banking system and economy could come under significant pressure, which in turn would affect Frances creditors(Seth et al., 2011). Greece, for instance, its debt is held by a host of other EU members. Once it defaults, the ripple effect for the economy as a whole would be devastating across the region, probably the world. The statistics from the IMF illustrated that the German banks held Greek government bonds up to totaling $ 14.1 billion and $ 13.4 billion was held by French banking industry.And also the china holds nearly 600 billion Euros of the European bonds. So if the debtor countries cannot pay the money on time ,not only itself but also these creditor will under a huge financial pressure. This is simply showed by the MF international who is the biggest victims in the European debt crisis that Global voted to file for bankruptcy. The main reason why MF Global got int o financial trouble is because it bought over 6 billion U.S. dollars in European sovereign debt, mainly related to the national debt of countries like Italy, Spain, Portugal, Ireland and Belgium. Finally, European debt crisis have the world-class victims outside the region of the Europe. Thus,the connection each economic system makes the risk contagious simply.Apart from those mentioned above, an alternative way for this crisis transmission is the relation among correlation coefficients in the conditional correlation model (DCC),which may be related to herding behaviour, specially the rating agency continually reduced euro-zone counties grades and as well as influences organize the short-selling speculators.Some studies estimated a dynamic conditional correlation model (DCC) in order to analyse the correlation structure of Greek, Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, Dutch, Belgian and Austrian bond yield spreads over the German yield to study contagion in the Euro Area. In particular, Po rtuguese, Spanish, Italian and Belgian yield spreads do increase along with their Greek counterpart. Thus it seems that Greek financial problems could spread via contagion to other Euro Area countries.As European counties are related, if it is more likely for similarly bad rated countries to sustain a rating cut once Greek was downgraded, then for such countries the control variable should have a positive impact on the correlation coefficients(Sebastian and Sebastian, 2011). Therefore in terms of European debt crisis, contagion occurs when investors believe that other countries, in addition to the original country facing economic crisis, pose a risk of finance loss and act accordingly(Lia Mennde, 2012). And according to the Herd Instinctother European countries, to some extend, would be influenced,particularly for those counties who had been facing such problems.Due to the European sovereign debt crisis not only impacted the bond market, the equity market, money market and foreign e xchange market, even the whole world was also affected. As all the country has International Reserves, Gold Reserves and Foreign Exchange Reserves, it can be evidently reflected that a bigger concern would be jitters over if sovereign debt become less focused on euro-zone and more global. As the stock price declined, and the euro devaluated, Europes crisis will no longer be Europe s along. It would affect the global trade balances even.ConclusionSince the early 2010, the Euro Area faced a severe sovereign debt crisis, resulting from government deficits and debt levels which triggered rating agencies subsequently to downgrade the credit ratings of nine euro area sovereigns, thereby creating a loss of confidence in financial markets. Learning from this crisis, bank should increase their capital to negate the loss and passive influences of the crisis. And meanwhile, governments need to broaden revenue and strengthen the budget management, as well as control the government debt reason ably, particularly, investors confidence should be reactuated urgently. rootage1 Chan, M. (2011) Robin Hood Meets Wall Street (online). Poole Friends of the Earth. operational from http//www.foe.org/news/archives/2011-02-robin-hood-meets-wall-street (Accessed 22 Feb 2011).2 Reserve Bank Of Australia(2012). Statement on Monetary Police (online). usable from http//www.rba.gov.au/publications/smp/2012/feb/html/intl-fx-mkts.html (Assessed 9 August 2012).3 Financial Time,2010raders in record bet against the euro (online)Available fromhttp//www.ft.com/cms/s/0/9203f08c-151a-11df-ad58-00144feab49a.htmlaxzz2BOITU3eG4 Daniel, W. and Harold, H. (2012). Spains Banks, Government Co-Dependent on Debt . Associated Press. June 25, 2012. Available fromhttp//www.sfgate.com/business/ oblige/Spain-s-banks-government-co-dependent-on-debt-3660227.php (Accessed June 26, 2012)5 Silvia Merler and John Pisani-Ferry (2012), Whos Afraid of Sovereign Bonds?Bruegel Policy Contribution. No. 2012/02, February 20 12. Available from http//docs.jean-jaures.net/NL470/21.pdf (Accessed June 26, 2012).6 World Bank, World Development Indicators. Cash Surplus/Deficit as % of GDP 20012007.7 Furth, S. and Ligon, J. L. (2012) How Contagious Is Europes Economic Crisis? Backgrounder (online), No.2726. Available from http//report.heritage.org/bg2726 (Accessed 18 Sep. 2012).8 Seth W. Feaster Nelson D. Schwartz Tom Kuntz (2011-10-22). NYT-Its All Connected-A Spectators Guide to the Euro Crisis. New York Times Available from http//www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2011/10/22/opinion/20111023_DATAPOINTS.html?ref=sunday-review. Retrieved 2012-05-14.9 Sebastian MissioSebastian Watzka,(2011-08-31).Financial Contagion and the European Debt CrisisJournal of Economic Literature, E43, E44, E63. p2.10 Menndez, L.(2012). The spread of the European Sovereign Debt Crisis(online). Available from https//docs.google.com/ beauty?a=v&q=cacheIaD0olBUZ2kJebook.law.uiowa.edu/ebook/sites/default/files/Spread%2520of%2520the%2520European %2520Sovereign%2520Debt%2520Crisis.pdf+The+spread+of+the+European+Sovereign+Debt+Crisis&hl=zh-CN&

Succubus Shadows Chapter 9

She couldnt have I exclaimed. He was with me all night. non afterward the concert ended, pointed out roman type. You k outright, I study that band might sincerely be going somewhere. Whatever trace of sentiment hed shown earlier with me had vanished in Carters presence.Sim maven was hang out in that twenty-four-hour c moroseee shop, Carter said. hardening went there to work after what was it you said? You were at a concert?Yeah, I said. Blue Satin Bra.The angel gave Roman a nod of agreement. Those guys are great.Hey, chamberpot we stick to the issue here? I gave both of them glares. What happened with Seth and Simone?Carter shrugged. Same as usual. He came in and spy her first, though. She had her head in a book didnt even look up until he walked everyplace.Well played, I said. Forces him into the aggressive role.I dont gauge Seths ever unfeignedly in an aggressive role, mused Carter. It only put him in a position to make the first move, if he wanted to be polite.During our brief affair, Seth and I had made love so tenderly and so sweetly that poets would have wept at its beauty. Other times, things had been stiltright dirty, and I think Carter might have reconsidered his stimulant about Seth being aggressive, had the angel make don.Then what? I demanded.Like I said, the same(p). They talked about different things a lot of topics interesting to Seth, really. I think she might have done some research on him.Fucking lovely. I collapsed onto the couch, and then I promptly shot back up. Im going over there Gone, interrupted Carter. They went separate panaches, and then she bagged some guy, and I decided it was time for me to fly away.Lucky bastard, grumbled Roman. You have no idea what kind of grass over I had to sit through.The hint of a smile flickered on Carters face onwards he turned back to me. I sighed and sat back down. Confronting hers no good anyway. You already did it, and nothing came of it. Im guessing this would just be a repeat.Pr obably a good point. Being in a conflict with a succubus kind of sucked. I could punch Hugh or the vampires, and even with endless healing, theyd still sport a black eye for a few hours womb-to-tomb if I was really good. But with a succubus? I could smack her around, and shed shape-shift the damage. And as for verbal fighting? Well, seeing as I had no real leverage, Id probably just fuel her further and provide more(prenominal) cat fight entertainment for my friends.Well, I said to Roman. I think Im pissed off enough now that you dont have to go to bed with me.Carters eyebrow rose again.I mean, he doesnt have to watch me sleep, I explained. I was kind of tenacious earlier, and we were worried my mysterythingmight show up again.Why glum? asked Carter. He attempted innocence, precisely I wasnt fooled. Even without being at the concert, he could easily figure out what had me down.Long story.Those silvery gray eyes bored into me, and I shifted and looked away. I hated when he did that. It was care he could see into my soul. That was a place I didnt even want to look at let alone have new(prenominal)s do it. I attempted a change in subject.You know, I was thinking about this thing thats going onthis force or siren song or whatever. Its not like what happened with Nyx, but theres still a dreamlike quality to it, you know? I mean, it certainly seems like Im sleepwalking. Do you think she could be back?Nope, said Carter. Shes decidedly still locked up. I checked myself.Really?Really.I didnt follow up with the obvious question. Had Carter done it for me? I mean, checking up on Nyx probably wasnt too weighty for him. He probably just asked some angel buddy who asked another angeletc. It still made me wonder about Carters endgame. Why go to such trouble for me? Why look into this? Why track Simone?His expression made me think he guessed my thoughts, something I hated. Thanks, I said. But I think Im heading to bed now.And I, said Carter, am going to get a drink .Done with Simone for good? asked Roman.Carter made a dismissive gesture. At least for tonight. Ill dumbfound her in the morning.Youre kind of a slacker spy, I pointed out, though I definitely understood his reasons for avoiding the other succubus liaisons.His only response was another smile earlier he vanished.Now what? I wondered aloud.Now, said Roman, you get your beauty sleep so that I can have another captivating day of perceive to you give recommendations for people who enjoyed The Da Vinci Code.You know you love it, I said, walking off toward my bedroom.Sure you dont want company?I glanced back at him and canvass his face, the lovely lines of it and blue-green eyes like the Mediterranean of my youth. His expression was speculative, wry humor twisting his lips. I couldnt entirely tell if he was joking. Or what his adopt meaning was.Positive.My words were a little bolder than I felt, but the night passed uneventfully, again furthering the idea that my blue images were the target. Consequently, this put me in a good mood when I went to work the next day. I even wore yellow in an attempt at further cheeriness and greeted my coworkers with such enthusiasm that Doug wanted to know what drugs I was pickings and if he could have some. all of that changed when, while headed for the science fiction section, I felt something totally unwelcome an immortal signature. A succubus immortal signature. And I knew exactly which succubus it belonged to. I did a 180, took a few steps, and tried to pinpoint its direction. Fiction.I headed straight over there, and sure enough, there was Simone with Seth. She wore that make-believe Id heard reports of, the bookish yet sexy brunette. They were standing by Seths section, and she was hold fasting up one of his paperbacks, Idiosyncraso. I knew she could feel my signature as I approached, but her eyes perplexed on Seth, her conversation not missing a beat.You really wrote this in college?Yup, he said. It wasnt the firs t I had published, though. I shelved it for years before cut into it out and revising it.Cool, she said, flipping through the pages. I cant wait to read it. Itll give me something to do before your next one.Well, dont get your oh, hey.Seth had spotted me. I came to a stop beside them, and Simone turned toward me politely.Hows it going? I asked, voice harsher than I intended.Seth, always sensitive to me, looked a little surprised at my tone but didnt lie with it. Fine. Georgina, this is Kelly. Kelly, Georgina. Georginas the manager here.Hi, Kelly.I shook her hand with a hardness she matched, and we both continued grinning at each other like Stepford Wives.I met Kelly at a coffee shop, said Seth mildly, not aware he was in succubus crossfire. Told her she should see the store sometime.Its great, said Simone, all adorable innocence. Im a big reader. I love all things books. And meeting one of my favorite authors has given me great insight.Well, said Seth, a little embarrassed at the circumspection. I dont know how more insight Im really offering.Simone laughed. Lots. I feel like Im getting something from you each time I see you.Have you seen each other a lot? I asked.Kelly go to Queen Anne, said Seth. So we keep running into each other.Its a great area, I said. Where do you jazz?Simone faltered. Um, on Queen Anne.Street, Avenue, or Drive?Seth seemed surprised at the interrogative style of the question. Simone turned nervous. Eh, Avenue.Damn. Lucky guess. Queen Anne Street didnt exist.Nice place. routine my back on her, I looked at Seth. I came over because I heard someone say Maddie was looking for you. That wasnt true at all. Maddie wasnt even in for another hour. I gave Simone a casual glance. Maddies his fianc?e.I didnt think she was in yet, said Seth.Why, of all days, would his memory be up and running today? perchance I misheard, I said with a shrug. But I figured youd want to check.I will, he said, still a little puzzled. I consume to show Kelly on e more book.She shot me a triumphant look, but I knew shed accomplished nothing with Seth. He had that expression he got when he was so focused on something in this case, the history of books that he was distracted from the world. Kelly was a pleasant coincidence. Simone was too overconfident to notice.Seth turned back to the shelves, and me staying would have seemed awkward. With his attention elsewhere, I shot Simone a warning look. Well, Im sure Ill see you around.Oh, she said with a serene smile, you will.When I got home later that day, I was ready to boom some furniture. Did you see Yes, yes, I saw, said Roman, materializing beside me. Calm down.I let out a small cry of frustration, something primal with no real form. I cant believe that bitch Cant believe shed actually do it right in front of me She did it on purpose. She did it on purpose to taunt me.Roman was the picture of quiet as he leaned against the wall, a far cry from my frazzled, pacing state. Of course she did. Its like mobsters who threaten their victims in a crowd theres absolutely no way you could have fought back, not with that many witnesses.Nice analogy, I muttered. Maybe therell be a horse head in my bed next.I could leave one in hers, if it would help, he offered.That close made me smile. Almost. Except I wasnt entirely sure he was joking. The really comical part is that Seth brought it about, you know? He was trying to stay away from me and walked right into this.The road to Hell is paved with good intentions.I didnt dignify that with an answer.Look, he said in all seriousness, taking a few steps toward me. It sucks that shes doing this, and we can definitely rule out coincidence. But if Seths with Maddie while shes there, you know nothings going to happen. And Carter will report back to us. No point in getting worked up over it.Easier said than done. Nothings going to distract me from this.He moved closer still and rested his hands on my upper arms. Oh? When was the start tim e you went dancing?I blinked in surprise. The last time Id been dancing? It had been a salsa lesson at the bookstore earlier this year, after which Seth and I had ripped each others clothes off in my office.A while ago, I said evasively, thrown off by both the question and his fingertips on my scratch. Why?Lets go out, he said. There are a million places we can go. Any kind of dance you want. If memory serves, youre an okay dancer.I change my eyes. Im an excellent dancer, and you know it.He leaned his face closer. Then prove it.Irrelevant. I dont feel like going out.Roman sighed and stepped away. I found I was a little disappointed to have him let go. Man, he said. I remember when you used to be fun. Im glad I left town when I did. He walked over to my entertainment center and knelt down. Well, if Muhammed wont come to the mountainGood grief. Youre a wealth of religious proverbs tonight, arent you?Hey, just trying to Jesus Christ. CDs? You do know the minatory Ages ended a long time ago. He pointed at my collection with disdain. Everyones gone digital now. You know, those little magical devices that store music? Or do you consider them some kind of witchcraft?Technology changes every year. Jump on a fad, and youre obsolete before you know it.Honestly, its a wonder you arent preparedness over a fire in the middle of your living room.You forget I dont cook.I live here. I havent forgotten.By then, hed put one of my rare CDs in the player. I laughed. Youre one to talk about ancient history. This is old school.Nah. He rose and offered me his hands. This is classic. Never goes out of style.Yeah, I said, as the music began playing. All the kids are doing foxtrot nowadays. Geez, its even the slow style. But I still let him take hold of my hands.Hey, youre the one who owns that CD.We both fell into the steps effortlessly, seafaring around the living room and managing to dodge the furniture with some grace. Roman had a long list of flaws, but one of his better tr aits was that he was almost as good a dancer as me.Why do you dance so well? I asked, stepping over Aubrey. She didnt seem concerned at all about getting squashed and had shown no signs of mournful when we began to dance.What kind of a question is that? Why do you dance so well? native instinct, I guess. Thats what Im wondering. Was it something you were born with? Or is it something you cant help but perfect over the years? I mean, youve been around for a while. I suppose if you put your forefront to something that long, you cant help but master it.He laughed. To tell you the truth, I dont know. Maybe its in the blood.Oh, come on. I cannot picture Jerome out on the dance floor.Not him. My mother. She was a dancer. A slave girl for this king a long, long time ago Romans gaze turned inward. He didnt seem angry, so much as nostalgic. Of course, he was pretty pissed off when she got pregnant. That kind of thing tends to ruin the chorus line.What happened to her? I hadnt been around t hat long ago, but certain things stayed the same through time. Slaves who angered their masters got beaten or sold to someone else. Or worse.I dont know. Jerome took her away, off to some village where she could be a superfluous woman.I frowned. I still had trouble wrapping my mind around the idea of my boss falling romanti forestally and divinely for a mortal. Did he stay with her? He would have been a demon by then.He never came back. First time I saw him was last year. My mother didnt hold a grudge, though. She would talk about him all the timesaid he was beautiful. I dont know if she meant as an angel or a demon, though. Probably he looked the same, seeing as theyre the same beings, really.Im guessing he didnt look like John Cusack though.No. This made Roman laugh again. Probably not. My mother took on mundane jobs whenever we moved villages washing woman, field worker. But at least she was free. And she still danced sometimes. I saw her once, when I was really youngjust bef ore she was killed. There was a festival, and I remember her dancing in front of the fire, wearing this red dress. All mirth disappeared from him. That image is burned into my mind. I can see how an angel would have fallen for her.I didnt ask any questions about how she was killed. In those days, it could have been as simple as a attack or attack. They were commonplace. Or, more likely, shed been killed in an attempt on Roman and his sister. Hed once mentioned that they were always on the run from angels and demons.So maybe you learned to dance as a subconscious tribute to her, I said, shifting to something lighter.That half-smile returned. Or maybe I just inherited my fathers attraction to graceful, sensual women.The song ended, and we stood there, frozen in time with our hands still entwined. Foxtrot was hardly the bumping and grinding seen in modern clubs, but our bodies were close, and I felt like I could sensation the cacoethes from his. Whether it was real or imagined, I co uldnt say. But I did know there was something very seductive about dancing, about mirroring anothers body, and somehow, I wasnt surprised when he leaned down and kissed me.I was a little surprised that I kissed him back. But not for long. Because as our lips met, I realized how much Id come to regard Roman as a comforting fixture in my life. Wed grown from adversaries to friends towhat? I didnt entirely know. I did know that I liked having him around and that Id never really jolted the attraction that had drawn me to him long ago. I also knew that I was lonely for the touch of someone I liked and that I had an automatic instinct to react to this sort of thing.His mouth pressed harder against mine, as hot and demanding as I recalled. His hands quickly moved from the formal orientation of foxtrot to something more knowledgeable and eager, sliding down to my hips and somehow managing to push me against the wall while also shoving my shirt up. My own hands were around his neck, my low er body pressing against his as I felt all my nerves set on fire and lust coursing through me.He managed to break away enough to distill my shirt off, and then his hands moved to my breasts, which were wrapped in a white lace bra. He glanced down and made a face as he pulled from our kiss. Cant you make it a front hook?A small bit of shape-shifting made the bra disappear altogether. Dont trouble yourself, I said.He smiled and moved his lips to my neck while his hands cupped the curves of my breasts. It made it impossible for me to take his shirt off, but I slid my hands under it, loving the feel of his warm skin and taut muscles. I tipped my head back, letting him taste me and increase the intensity of his kissing.And through it all, there were no voices in my head. I heard none of his thoughts, sensed none of his feelings. I was alone alone with my own reactions, simply enjoying the way my body felt with no other interruptions. It was glorious.I at last managed a break that let m e pull his shirt off, and then my hands moved to his pants, putting us in a brief deadlock as he tried to move his lips to my nipples. I won and watched his pants fall to the floor. With that concession, he pulled me down as well and continued his efforts to kiss my breasts, almost kneel before me as he did so. I ran my hands through his hair, gripping his head while his mouth sucked and teased. As he did, his eyes glanced up and met mine. I saw the desire in them and something more.Something I hadnt expected to see. There waswhat? Love? Adoration? Affection? I couldnt quite pin it down, but I accept the general category. It was a slap to the face. I hadnt anticipated it. Lust, Id expected. A primitive instinct to throw me down and fuck me, in order to relieve his bodys need. For so long, Id operated on the assumption that he kind of liked me and kind of wanted to hate me. Yet, now, I realized those nice moments wed had recently werent coincidence. His sharp attitude had been a f acade, meant to hide his feelings.Roman still loved me.I identified it for what it was. He wasnt doing this just because he wanted my body. He wanted me. This was more than just fulfilling a physical instinct for him, and suddenlysuddenly, I didnt know what to do. Because I realized then, I didnt know why I was doing this. There was a fair derive of lust on my part, and Id grown closer to him since his return to Seattle. But the rest? I wasnt sure. There was so much going on right now Maddie, Simone, SethAlways Seth. Seth, who even now made my heart ache while I was wrapped in the arms of another man. My emotions were a drag on of confusion and hurt and desperation. I was with Roman as some sort of reaction, some attempt to fill the hole in my heart and seek trumped-up(prenominal) comfort. My feelings didnt match his. I couldnt do this with him. I didnt deserve to do this with him.I pushed him away and jumped to my feet, backing off toward the hallway.No I said. I cantI cant. Im raunchy.He stared up at me, understandably confused and a little hurt after the ardor Id displayed seconds ago. What are you talking about? Whats wrong?I didnt know how to explain it, didnt know how I could even begin to articulate what I felt inside of me. I just shook my head and continued backing. Im sorryIm so sorryIm just not ready.Roman sprang to his feet in one graceful motion. He took a step toward me. GeorginaBut I was already moving away, off to the safety of my bedroom. I slammed the door behind me not from anger, but from a desperate need to stay away from him. From the hall, I heard him call my name and feared hed come in anyway, despite my refusal to answer. I had no lock, and even if I did, it wouldnt stop him. He said my name a few more times, and then silence fell. I think he returned to the living room, backing off and giving me my space.I flung myself onto the bed, gripping the sheets tightly and trying not to cry. That dreadful despair that plagued me so often filled me now. It was an old friend, one that I would never be able to leave. All my relationships friends and lovers were a mess. I was either pain sensation them, or they were hurting me. There was no peace for me. There never would be, not for this servant of Hell.And then, through that horrible, clenching pain inside me, I felt the lightest of touches. A whisper. A breath of music, of color, of light. I lifted my head up from where Id buried it in my pillow and stared around. There was nothing tangible, not exactly, but I could sense it all around me that warm, comforting siren song. It had no words, yet in my despair, I could hear it perfectly. It was telling me I was wrong, that I could have peace. And not just that I could have comfort and love and so much more. It was like arms beckoning to me, a mother welcoming home a long-lost child.I lento rose from my bed, moving toward that which had no form. Come, come.Outside my door, I heard Roman shout my name, but the tone w as different from before. This wasnt confusion or pleading. It was frantic and concerned. The reasoned was grating to my ears as I stepped closer to that beautiful warmth. It was home. It was an invitation. All I had to do was accept.Georgina The door blew apart, and Roman stood there, blazing with power. Georgina, stop But it was too late. I had accepted.All that joy and protection wrapped around me, taking me into its arms.The world dissolved.

Robin Hood Case Analysis and Strategy Recommendations

ROBIN HOOD grimace Analysis and Strategy Recommendations Case Analysis Robin Hood and his circuit of Merrymen is the subject of this case study. In this study I found, Robin Hoods main problem was the increase size of his band. Initially, he had hoped that strength lay in numbers and the more Merry men he had, the better it would be for him to tellingly fight against the sheriffs administration. He did not put enough thought into curbing the number of people being recruited.The dilemma occurred when the increasing number of men had made the band a corporation. The more men were recruited into the organization, the less face to face interaction Robin had encountered with each of his men. This would make it hard for him to enforce rules and regulations using his old ways because vigilance was not present with the new recruits. Moreover, the capacity to fund the increasing number of people became very scarce. Supplies needed to be obtained from outlaying villages. This is a very in troduce consequence of any expanding organization.A formal structure needed to be enforced and a chain of executive party needed to be established so as to monitor the increased number of people in the organization. The initial mission of the band, Rob the rich and give to the poor was no longer effective to the band. The funds obtained from the outright confiscation of the rich were no longer accommodating the increasing number of the people in the band. The mission statement had to be rewrite to accommodate the changing ways of the organization.New strategies also need to be introduced to meet the fund requirements of the band. Moreover, there needed to be a revision to the objectives of the band so as to limit the number of people being recruited. This, in my opinion, is a primary concern that inevitably attention. Robin Hoods proposal to fail a policy of adopting a fixed transit tax to whomever passed through the Sherwood Forest seems feasible but the Merrymens concern of jeo pardizing the allies support in their fight against the Sheriff is also relevant.Recommendations In my opinion, Robin Hoods first priority should be to appropriate structure and organization in the band. He needs to allot someone in charge of curbing the number of new recruits and seek other ways of finding provisions for his men. Once all this is done, he needs to take the great risk of assisting the barons in their mission to rescue King Richard and restore back in power. By doing so, Robin will micturate gotten his revenge and will not have to require the bands presence any longer.

Pros & Cons of Textbooks

The first popes of which were printed in 1454-1455. scarce forty-eight original copies argon known to existence, of which twenty- wizard ar complete, Here Is a photo of a preserved Gutenberg Bible located at the New York library. Monsoons, 2011) In 2012, Steven Krebs author of The make Press states, Printing facilitated the dissemination and preservation of knowledge In standardized form this was most Important In the work up of science, technology and scholarship. The printing press certainly initiated an information revolution on par with the Internet today. (Krebs, 2012) The capacity to ass-produce and supply books led the existence to formal schooling. Out of a demand for books that were specially designed for scholars, the textbook was created. The title of the first textbook used in American schools was The New England Primer. match to the Library of Congress. Books That influence America 1800 to 1850. More than 6 gazillion copies In 450 editions of the New England P rimer were printed between 1681 and 1830. (Rosemary Fry Polkas, 2014) forthwith two centuries later t here is another Information revolution.The move to open- radical material Is on Its stylus to the schoolroom. In addition, it go out be accelerated by President Beams push to invest in creating waive online course as a part of his proposal to have digital textbooks in schools by the residual of 2017. Textbooks have not gone the demeanor of tablets yet, but many educators say that it will not be long before they are replaced. Being students and having to purchase, carry, and use textbooks led to tonights topic on the pros and cons of textbooks In the shaperoom. Textbooks are frequently controversial, are they up to date?Are they effective? Now its forms of presentation are subjects of debate. louvre sections including the introduction, the pros for textbooks, the cons, followed with tonights recommendation and lastly, a strong conclusion. At the end, you will learn the pro s and cons of textbooks in the classroom and a luxuriant explanation of why our recommendation will make the most sense. Transition The four pros in party favour of the textbook in the classroom. L. The four pros of textbooks In the classroom. A. First, textbooks provide organized units of work.According to The Complete Idiots expire to Success as a Teacher by Anthony Fredricks, a textbook will give you all the Lana and lessons you need to stretch out a topic in some detail. (Fredericks, 2005) When you are a student or teacher In class, you can depend on your textbooks to have the slump information needed to complete a lesson and kick in a test. Teachers are able to focus on what or how their teaching be gravel textbooks contains the tools that practices for students like linking the past and present, and recognizing exploit and effect. B. Secondly, a textbook is very durable and dependable.Unlike tablets, if you usher out your textbook there is no worry of it breaking. thi ther are many varieties of textbooks. When you read and learn from a textbook, you are to a greater extent likely to remember that lesson later in life. According to Science Teaching Reconsidered A Handbook, the study of text structure has focused on how a reader builds cognitive representations from the text. In addition, studies indicate that using principle-first or textbook structure is more effective for long-term retention and understanding by novice readers. We are used to using textbooks. (Committee on Undergraduate Science Education, 1997) C.Next, children are more focused and have a positive outcome with textbooks. According to an article based on literacy issued by riff. Org, states that in 11,000 reports, childrens book lending and ownership programs were shown to have positive behavioral, educational, and psychological outcomes. Children whom have access to print materials or textbooks reading performances are improved. Why? When children are provided with the right mat erial or books it helps, them read better. With greater access to books, children are able to convey their enjoyment of books or academics, resulting of improved attitudes towards reading and learning. Mm Lindsay, 2010) D. The final pro about a textbook is if taken aid of properly, a textbook will last for a very long time. One of the oldest multi-page books in the world is the Etruscan Gold Book. According to Winning Lane Books, the Etruscan Gold Book was discovered 70 years ago while digging off the Stratum River in Bulgaria. Monsoons, 2011) The estimated age of this book would be 2,763 years old. Textbooks are reusable and are handed from classroom to classroom. Transition Now that you have heard the pros of textbooks in the classroom here is some of the cons. II.The four cons of textbooks in the classroom. A. Having textbooks in the classroom can have its downsides, such as having a limited source of information, the pitch it bares on a students back and cost. According to Th e Complete Idiots Guide to Success as a Teacher by Anthony Fredericks, having a designated textbook per class only provides one perspective on a concept or issue. It is a sole source of information. How hefty is a mechanic if he only has one tool? (Fredericks, 2005) B. Next, another problem textbooks present are the weight that it bares on a students back.An article posted in Kids Health on icepack safety last accessed in June 2014 the weight from books in a backpack can compress the vertebrae in a childs growing goading and can lead to poor posture and back pain. (Dowdies, 2013) I found this fact especially concerning as a student who carries books back and forth from class. At times, I find myself hunched over nerve-wracking to even out the weight of my books in my bag. Now imagine an elementary school student with his or her math book on that small body. Concerning right? C. Another default of having textbooks in the classroom is the restore on the environment.In an article p osted in the Washington Post in 2010 by Stephan Lawman, appear. 1. 45 million tons of paper was used to produce textbooks. (Lawman, 2010) Thats must continue to be Green in our way of living. D. Lastly, cost is a large drawback of textbooks in the classroom. According to an article posted on Scholastic Publishes Literacy Resources and Childrens Books for Kids of both Ages composed in November of 2008, an average elementary book can cost more than $100. 00. (Rap, 2008) A very popular topic of conversation in politics is educational budget and how there Just is to seemly money for schools.How are we to afford books that cost over $100. 00 each? In Florida, the average class size of it is approximately 25 students. That is $2500 for just one classroom. The real question we must ask ourselves is can we in truth afford books in the classroom. Transition Now, in detail our recommendation for keeping printed textbooks in the classrooms and why it is the surmount option. Ill. Recommend ation A. All of those cons can easily be countered with a simple logical explanation. Outdated source information is an invalid argument for most courses because codebooks are recycled every seven-ten years.How much has a pre-1900 history class changed in the past 10 years? Not much, because it would be impossible to changed what happened. In addition, for most staple fibre science class, focus on the scientific laws has not changed in a hundred years. For more go and current classes online sourcing may be an additional layer for resources but the textbook still offers a good basis of information on the subject. B. Textbooks are long lasting and durable. They can fall from your desk or slip ones mind out of your hands and when it hit the ground it goes not crash or have a somber out moment.You pick them up and they are ready to continue from where you left off. C. Back pain is a large problem in todays society however a type of eye fatigue or eyestrain commonly caused by comput ing machines is known as computer vision syndrome. It affects about 50%-90% of computer workers. (Eye Fatigue Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment) If students start using computers instead of textbooks, this could affect them too. D. Cost is a complaint many multitude have about textbooks, but E-Books are usually only $10 less than textbook form. That is cause most of the cost is writing and publishing not paper.E. After reviewing all the pros and cons, we are recommending that it is in the dress hat interest of the students and the learning process to continue using textbooks instead of adopting different technologies. Textbooks were made to be in the classroom and should stay in the classroom. Transition Thank you for listing to our recommendation for keeping textbooks in the classroom, here now is the final wrap up. IV. Conclusion A. Remember, that nothing on this planet is perfect there will always be pros and cons of everything that exists.With that said there are pros and cons o f textbooks, as many of you know. The pros of texts books are that material is sound organized in particular sections, books are durable and you do not have to worry if you drop it, textbook will last forever. The cons of textbooks are that it limits us to one source of information, textbooks are heavy, and that it cost a lot of money having to buy new textbooks for every class. B. Based on our groups personal experiences and our pros and cons of textbooks, we feel leisurely in recommending that keeping textbooks in the classroom is best.